<p>In this conversation, Stephan Livera and Jonas Nick discuss the implications of quantum computing on Bitcoin&#39;s security, focusing on the risks posed to cryptographic signatures. They explore the current vulnerabilities in Bitcoin, the potential for quantum attacks, and the need for post-quantum cryptographic solutions. The discussion covers various signature schemes, including hash-based signatures, their trade-offs, and the challenges of transitioning to a quantum-resistant Bitcoin. They also touch on the implications for hardware wallets, multi-signature schemes, and the potential need for block size increases to accommodate new signature sizes.</p><p><strong>Takeaways:</strong></p><p>🔸Quantum computers pose a real risk to Bitcoin&#39;s cryptography.</p><p>🔸Current Bitcoin signatures are vulnerable to long-range attacks.</p><p>🔸Hash-based signatures are significantly larger than current signatures.</p><p>🔸Transitioning to quantum resistance will require careful planning.</p><p>🔸The Bitcoin community must reach a consensus on new schemes.</p><p>🔸Verification costs will increase with new signature schemes.</p><p>🔸Hardware wallets will need to adapt to new signature requirements.</p><p>🔸Block size discussions may need to be revisited in light of quantum risks.</p><p>🔸The timeline for quantum computing advancements is uncertain.</p><p>🔸A gradual transition to quantum resistance may be necessary. </p><p><strong>Timestamps:</strong></p><p>(00:00) - Intro</p><p>(01:49) - How real is quantum risk to Bitcoin?</p><p>(04:39) - When could quantum pose a threat to Bitcoin’s cryptography? </p><p>(09:56) - Long range vs Short range attacks</p><p>(12:37) - How many coins are vulnerable to Long range attacks?</p><p>(14:12) - Different types of cryptography and exploring Hash-based signature schemes</p><p>(17:00) - Categories of Hash-based signature scheme and their pros &amp; cons</p><p>(23:42) - How do Hash-based signatures work? </p><p>(32:14) - Would Lightning, Multi-sig, Taproot, Silent Payments, Atomic swaps work in a post-quantum world? </p><p>(38:50) - What are Adaptor signatures &amp; how do they affect atomic swapping? </p><p>(41:27) - Will we need new Bitcoin hardware wallets?; Signature production &amp; verification </p><p>(44:41) - Signature size and Bitcoin block capacity implications</p><p>(46:52) - Should we revisit the block size conversation? </p><p>(54:57) - Overview of SPHINCS+ &amp; SHRINCS</p><p>(59:49) - Transitioning to post-quantum signature schemes; Overview of BIP 360</p><p>(1:09:06) - Closing thoughts</p><p><strong>Links: </strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://x.com/n1ckler"><u>https://x.com/n1ckler</u></a> </p></li></ul><p><strong>Stephan Livera links:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Follow me on X:<a href="https://twitter.com/stephanlivera"> <u>@stephanlivera</u></a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://plinkhq.com/i/1415720320"><u>Subscribe to the podcast</u></a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://stephanlivera.substack.com/"><u>Subscribe to Substack</u></a></p></li></ul>