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What does it mean to be Welsh? The writer Jan Morris said Wales was ‘a distinctly separate and often vehement idea’. But what is that idea? Do you need to understand Welsh to grasp it? How is Wales … different? And is it going to become even more unlike England? Ros Taylor talks to Swansea University professor Martin Johnes and Plaid Cymru Senedd member Heledd Fychan about the history of the Welsh nationalist movement and the future of the Welsh language. ‘There’s lots of angst with being Welsh.’ — Heledd Fychan, Plaid Cymru Senedd member ‘The idea that you should take decisions about Wales in Wales has become a political norm. Has devolution made any practical difference to life in Wales? Probably not, to be honest.’ — Prof Martin Johnes ‘Part of the problem is that in many ways we have a one-party state in Wales… Wales is a very small place and Wales suffers from the fact it doesn’t have a diversity of opinions.’ — Martin Johnes ‘Can you believe that in 2024, despite 25 years of devolution,  it’s not been normalised that children in Wales should learn Welsh history?’ — Heledd Fychan JAM TOMORROW is written and presented by Ros Taylor. The producer is Jade Bailey. Voiceovers are by Seth Thevoz. Music is by Dubstar and artwork by James Parrett. The managing editor is Jacob Jarvis and the group editor is Andrew Harrison. JAM TOMORROW is a Podmasters production. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The expulsion of Asians from Uganda in 1972 was brutal. Twenty eight thousand refugees arrived in Britain. The government scrambled to find homes and jobs for them. Not everyone was pleased about it. But if Ugandan Asians held British passports they had the right to come here — and most of them thrived. Why did they do well — and can it teach us anything about how we treat refugees? Neena Lakhani was 14 when she was forced to leave Uganda. She tells Ros Taylor what it was like to start a new life in Britain, while King’s College London professor Jonathan Portes talks about what happened to the East Asian migrants who arrived. ‘My father said please don’t touch my children. You can kill me but don’t kill my children.’ - Neena Lakhani ‘Everybody around us was welcoming, and that was such a joy.’ - Neena Lakhani ‘The benefits of promoting successful integration, as we know with the East African Asians, are very large.’ - Jonathan Portes JAM TOMORROW is written and presented by Ros Taylor. The producer is Jade Bailey. Voiceovers are by Seth Thevoz. Music is by Dubstar and artwork by James Parrett. The managing editor is Jacob Jarvis and the group editor is Andrew Harrision. JAM TOMORROW is a Podmasters production. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In 1969, three kilometres under the North Sea, drillers found something that would change Britain completely. It would transform us into an oil-producing nation, fuel Thatcherism in the 1980s, feed resentment in Scotland — and yet all of it happened largely out of sight of most Britons. How did North Sea oil and gas change us? What’s life like for the dwindling group of people who work in the industry? And can drilled-out fields actually help to combat global heating? “At peak production, the revenue from North Sea profits were taxed at 95 percent.” – Jon Gluyas, chair in geoenergy, carbon capture and storage at Durham University “People are not blind to what is happening in the industry… It’s hard for older workers.” – photographer and oil worker Peter Iain Campbell “There’s no doubt about the impact the burning of fossil fuels has had on our environment. We also have to acknowledge how it has utterly transformed our society over the last 50 years.” – Peter Iain Campbell  A selection of Peter Iain Campbell’s photos of North Sea oil installations are on his website. JAM TOMORROW is written and presented by Ros Taylor. The producer is Jade Bailey. Voiceovers are by Seth Thevoz. Music is by Dubstar and artwork by James Parrett. The managing editor is Jacob Jarvis and the group editor is Andrew Harrision. JAM TOMORROW is a Podmasters production. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The Lionesses’ Euro victory captivated English football fans – but this success was once unimaginable.  In 1921, the English Football Association banned women from playing on any of its pitches, a ban that would remain in place for 50 years. Who were the women who fought back? How did they defy all odds to get the women’s game to where it is today? In for Ros Taylor, Jade Bailey talks to Jean Williams, visiting professor at the University of Reading, about the early pioneers of women’s football, the ban that prevented them from playing, and reasons to be optimistic about the women’s game. “It’s really important that women’s football began as a professional entertainment, in the same way that men’s professional football was at the time.” “In 1921, the FA says that no club that is affiliated with the FA should allow women to play on their grounds, which is every professional and amateur club in the country.” “The business model of women’s football totally changes, and it invents a myth that women’s football isn’t as spectacular as men’s, and because people live with that myth for 50 years it still influences what we have today.” “For me, female-owned, female-run, and feminist values are the future of women’s football.” Buy Legendary Lionesses: The England Women's Football Team, 1972-2022 through our affiliate bookshop and you'll help fund Jam Tomorrow by earning us a small commission for every sale. Bookshop.org's fees help support independent bookshops too. Written, presented and produced by Jade Bailey. Original music by Dubstar. Artwork by Jim Parrett. Managing Editor: Jacob Jarvis. Group Editor: Andrew Harrison. Jam Tomorrow is a Podmasters Production. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices