Drs Todd A. Florin and Richard Malley discuss the history, challenges, and future directions of pneumococcal vaccination, including expanding serotype coverage and methods of worldwide distribution. Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987060). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertisers. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals. Resources Pediatric Pneumonia https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967822-overview Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their Bacterial Counterparts https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29376918/ Priming and Induction of Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Capsular Antibodies in Early Infancy by Dpo20, an Oligosaccharide-protein Conjugate Vaccine https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3499499/ About Pneumococcal Vaccines https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/about-vaccine.html Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Vaccine (Rx) https://reference.medscape.com/drug/acthib-hiberix-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-conjugate-vaccine-343149 Haemophilus Influenzae https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562176/ Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10749457/ Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotype 19A: Worldwide Epidemiology https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783380/ Pneumococcal Vaccine 13-valent (Rx) https://reference.medscape.com/drug/prevnar-13-pneumococcal-vaccine-13-valent-999483 Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Protein D-conjugate Vaccine (Synflorix; PHiD-CV) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19725600/ Pneumococcal Vaccine 15-valent (Rx) https://reference.medscape.com/drug/vaxneuvance-pneumococcal-vaccine-15-valent-4000165 Development of Next Generation Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Conferring Broad Protection https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32192117/ Meningococcal Group B Vaccine (Rx) https://reference.medscape.com/drug/trumenba-bexsero-meningococcal-group-B-vaccine-999974 Serotype Replacement After Introduction of 10-valent and 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in 10 Countries, Europe https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34932457/ Sugar-coated Killer: Serotype 3 Pneumococcal Disease https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425786/ Prevalence of Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Colonization in Children and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Carriage Isolates https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26327122/ Community-acquired Pneumonia https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430749/