ALS is a fatal neurological disease that kills motor neurons. Even though it was first described more than 150 years ago, there is no cure, and the few drugs available only dampen the symptoms or slow the progression by a few months. In recent years new drugs have emerged. However, there is one problem: the life expectancy is just two to five years after diagnosis. This timeline is incompatible with the FDA drug approval process, which takes years and even decades. This has created a tense situation for desperate patients who are demanding the FDA approve unproven drugs. What’s the harm in giving desperate patients an imperfect drug? Credits Host: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick">Alexis Pedrick</a> Senior Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr">Mariel Carr</a> Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez">Rigoberto Hernandez</a> Associate Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/">Sarah Kaplan</a> Audio Engineer: <a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a> “Color Theme” composed by <a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a>. Additional music by <a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Blue Dot Sessions</a>

<description>&lt;p&gt;ALS is a fatal neurological disease that kills motor neurons. Even though it was first described more than 150 years ago, there is no cure, and the few drugs available only dampen the symptoms or slow the progression by a few months. In recent years new drugs have emerged. However, there is one problem: the life expectancy is just two to five years after diagnosis. This timeline is incompatible with the FDA drug approval process, which takes years and even decades. This has created a tense situation for desperate patients who are demanding the FDA approve unproven drugs. What’s the harm in giving desperate patients an imperfect drug?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2 id="credits" class="wp-block-heading"&gt;Credits&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Host: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick"&gt;Alexis Pedrick&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Senior Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr"&gt;Mariel Carr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez"&gt;Rigoberto Hernandez&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Associate Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/"&gt;Sarah Kaplan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Audio Engineer: &lt;a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “Color Theme” composed by &lt;a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;. Additional music by &lt;a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Blue Dot Sessions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>

ALS is a fatal neurological disease that kills motor neurons. Even though it was first described more than 150 years ago, there is no cure, and the few drugs available only dampen the symptoms or slow the progression by a few months. In recent years...

ALS Patients Take on the FDA

In 1973 a bombshell study appeared in the premier scientific journal Science. It was called “On Being Sane in Insane Places.” Its author, a Stanford psychology professor named David Rosenhan, claimed that by faking their way into psychiatric hospitals, he and eight other pseudo-patients had proven that psychiatrists were unable to diagnose mental illness accurately. Psychiatrists panicked, and, as a result, re-wrote what’s known as “psychiatry’s bible”—the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM. The study and the subsequent overhaul of the DSM changed the field forever. So it was a surprise when, decades later, a journalist reopened Rosenhan’s files and discovered that the study was full of inconsistencies and even blatant fraud. So should we throw out everything it revealed? Or can something based on a lie still contain any truths? Credits Host: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick">Alexis Pedrick</a> Senior Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr">Mariel Carr</a> Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez">Rigoberto Hernandez</a> Associate Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/">Sarah Kaplan</a> Audio Engineer: <a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a> “Color Theme” composed by <a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a>. Additional music by <a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Blue Dot Sessions</a>

<description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 1973 a bombshell study appeared in the premier scientific journal &lt;em&gt;Science&lt;/em&gt;. It was called “On Being Sane in Insane Places.” Its author, a Stanford psychology professor named David Rosenhan, claimed that by faking their way into psychiatric hospitals, he and eight other pseudo-patients had proven that psychiatrists were unable to diagnose mental illness accurately.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- /wp:paragraph --&gt; &lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Psychiatrists panicked, and, as a result, re-wrote what’s known as “psychiatry’s bible”—the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM. The study and the subsequent overhaul of the DSM changed the field forever. So it was a surprise when, decades later, a journalist reopened Rosenhan’s files and discovered that the study was full of inconsistencies and even blatant fraud. So should we throw out everything it revealed? Or can something based on a lie still contain any truths?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- wp:heading --&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2 id="credits" class="wp-block-heading"&gt;Credits&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- /wp:heading --&gt; &lt;!-- wp:paragraph --&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Host: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick"&gt;Alexis Pedrick&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Senior Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr"&gt;Mariel Carr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez"&gt;Rigoberto Hernandez&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Associate Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/"&gt;Sarah Kaplan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Audio Engineer: &lt;a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “Color Theme” composed by &lt;a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;. Additional music by &lt;a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Blue Dot Sessions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- /wp:paragraph --&gt; &lt;!-- wp:heading --&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- /wp:paragraph --&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;!-- /wp:paragraph --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>

In 1973 a bombshell study appeared in the premier scientific journal Science. It was called “On Being Sane in Insane Places.” Its author, a Stanford psychology professor named David Rosenhan, claimed that by faking their way into psychiatric...

The Fraud that Transformed Psychiatry

For more than 100 years, biologists who suggested that some cancers may be caused by viruses were the pariahs of genetics. However, they persevered and incrementally built their knowledge, leading to the discovery of retroviruses, the development of a test to diagnose HIV, and the creation of the HPV vaccine. Join us as we interview Gregory J. Morgan about his book Cancer Virus Hunters: A History of Tumor Virology. Credits Host: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick">Alexis Pedrick</a> Senior Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr">Mariel Carr</a> Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez">Rigoberto Hernandez</a> Associate Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/">Sarah Kaplan</a> Audio Engineer: <a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a> “Color Theme” composed by <a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a>. Additional music by <a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Blue Dot Sessions</a>

<description>&lt;p&gt;For more than 100 years, biologists who suggested that some cancers may be caused by viruses were the pariahs of genetics. However, they persevered and incrementally built their knowledge, leading to the discovery of retroviruses, the development of a test to diagnose HIV, and the creation of the HPV vaccine. Join us as we interview Gregory J. Morgan about his book &lt;em&gt;Cancer Virus Hunters: A History of Tumor Virology&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2 id="credits" class="wp-block-heading"&gt;Credits&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Host: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick"&gt;Alexis Pedrick&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Senior Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr"&gt;Mariel Carr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez"&gt;Rigoberto Hernandez&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Associate Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/"&gt;Sarah Kaplan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Audio Engineer: &lt;a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “Color Theme” composed by &lt;a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;. Additional music by &lt;a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Blue Dot Sessions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description>

For more than 100 years, biologists who suggested that some cancers may be caused by viruses were the pariahs of genetics. However, they persevered and incrementally built their knowledge, leading to the discovery of retroviruses, the development of a...

Cancer Virus Hunters: An Interview with Gregory J. Morgan

In 1973 biochemist Bruce Ames created a simple test that showed if chemicals had the potential to cause cancer. The Ames test made him a hero of the emerging environmental movement. But then he completely changed course and said concerns about chemicals were overblown. So what happened? Did Ames change? Or did our understanding of what causes cancer change? Featured Oral History <a href= "https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/ames_bruce_2021.pdf"> Bruce N. Ames, "Bruce N. Ames: The Marriage of Biochemistry and Genetics at Caltech, the NIH, UC Berkeley, and CHORI, 1954–2018"</a> conducted by Paul Burnett in 2019 and 2020, Oral History Center, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2021. Credits Host: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick">Alexis Pedrick</a> Senior Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr">Mariel Carr</a> Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez">Rigoberto Hernandez</a> Associate Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/">Sarah Kaplan</a> Audio Engineer: <a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a> “Color Theme” composed by <a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a>. Additional music by <a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Blue Dot Sessions</a>

<description>&lt;p&gt;In 1973 biochemist Bruce Ames created a simple test that showed if chemicals had the potential to cause cancer. The Ames test made him a hero of the emerging environmental movement. But then he completely changed course and said concerns about chemicals were overblown. So what happened? Did Ames change? Or did our understanding of what causes cancer change?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2 id="credits" class="wp-block-heading"&gt;Featured Oral History&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href= "https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/ames_bruce_2021.pdf"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Bruce N. Ames, "Bruce N. Ames: The Marriage of Biochemistry and Genetics at Caltech, the NIH, UC Berkeley, and CHORI, 1954–2018"&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; conducted by Paul Burnett in 2019 and 2020, Oral History Center, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2021.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2 id="credits" class="wp-block-heading"&gt;Credits&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Host: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick"&gt;Alexis Pedrick&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Senior Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr"&gt;Mariel Carr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez"&gt;Rigoberto Hernandez&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Associate Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/"&gt;Sarah Kaplan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Audio Engineer: &lt;a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “Color Theme” composed by &lt;a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;. Additional music by &lt;a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Blue Dot Sessions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description>

In 1973 biochemist Bruce Ames created a simple test that showed if chemicals had the potential to cause cancer. The Ames test made him a hero of the emerging environmental movement. But then he completely changed course and said concerns about...

The Ames Test

Ozempic and others in this family of drugs are nothing short of miraculous. Meant to treat Type 2 Diabetes, the drug exploded in popularity after researchers found that patients were reporting losing 15-21% of their body weight in clinical trials. There were some side effects, but none so severe that it raised concerns. Doctors began prescribing it to people who weren't diabetic but could benefit from weight loss, and now, our only problem seems to be getting enough of it for all the people who need it. It all seems magical, but is it too good to be true? Join us as we dive into the history of weight loss drugs, drug manufacturing regulations, and the role we think medicine should play in our lives. Credits Host: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick">Alexis Pedrick</a> Senior Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr">Mariel Carr</a> Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez">Rigoberto Hernandez</a> Associate Producer: <a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/">Sarah Kaplan</a> Audio Engineer: <a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a> “Color Theme” composed by <a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Pfeffer</a>. Additional music by <a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Blue Dot Sessions</a>

<description>&lt;p&gt;Ozempic and others in this family of drugs are nothing short of miraculous. Meant to treat Type 2 Diabetes, the drug exploded in popularity after researchers found that patients were reporting losing 15-21% of their body weight in clinical trials. There were some side effects, but none so severe that it raised concerns. Doctors began prescribing it to people who weren't diabetic but could benefit from weight loss, and now, our only problem seems to be getting enough of it for all the people who need it. It all seems magical, but is it too good to be true? Join us as we dive into the history of weight loss drugs, drug manufacturing regulations, and the role we think medicine should play in our lives.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2 id="credits" class="wp-block-heading"&gt;Credits&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Host: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/alexis-j-pedrick"&gt;Alexis Pedrick&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Senior Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/mariel-carr"&gt;Mariel Carr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/rigoberto-hernandez"&gt;Rigoberto Hernandez&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Associate Producer: &lt;a href= "https://www.sciencehistory.org/profile/sarah-kaplan/"&gt;Sarah Kaplan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Audio Engineer: &lt;a href="https://www.podbrain.org/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt; “Color Theme” composed by &lt;a href= "https://www.podbrain.org/" target="_blank" rel= "noreferrer noopener"&gt;Jonathan Pfeffer&lt;/a&gt;. Additional music by &lt;a href="https://www.sessions.blue/" target= "_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Blue Dot Sessions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description>

Ozempic and others in this family of drugs are nothing short of miraculous. Meant to treat Type 2 Diabetes, the drug exploded in popularity after researchers found that patients were reporting losing 15-21% of their body weight in clinical trials....

Is Ozempic Different?

Distillations is the Science History Institute’s critically acclaimed flagship podcast. We take deep dives into stories that range from the serious to the eccentric, all to help listeners better understand the surprising science that is all around us. Hear about everything from the crisis in Alzheimer’s research to New England’s 19th-century vampire panic in compelling, sometimes-funny, documentary-style audio stories.

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