<p>This excerpt, likely from a historical text titled &quot;Lost Islamic History,&quot; offers a comprehensive overview of <strong>Islamic civilisation from its inception in Pre-Islamic Arabia through to the early 20th century</strong>. It explores the <strong>rise of Islam under the Prophet Muhammad </strong>(صلى الله عليه وسلم), the subsequent <strong>expansion of the Muslim state under the Rightly Guided Caliphs and successive dynasties</strong> like the Umayyads and Abbasids, and the <strong>intellectual golden ages</strong> that fostered advancements in science, medicine, and geography. The text also examines the <strong>spread of Islam to diverse regions</strong> such as Al-Andalus, West and East Africa, India, and China, detailing the unique ways the religion integrated with local cultures. Finally, it addresses periods of <strong>upheaval and decline</strong>, including the Crusades and Mongol invasions, concluding with the <strong>rebirth of Islamic power</strong> under the Ottomans and early modern reforms.</p>