<p>Why do societies collapse—and what does that tell us about the future of the global economy?</p><p>In this episode of <em>The Puck</em>, Jim Baer speaks with anthropologist and historian <strong>Joseph Tainter</strong>, author of the influential book <em>The Collapse of Complex Societies</em>. Tainter’s work explores a powerful idea: the very complexity that allows civilizations to solve problems can eventually become their greatest vulnerability.</p><p>From the Roman Empire to modern globalization, artificial intelligence, and the rising global demand for energy, Baer and Tainter explore why societies continuously add layers of institutions, technology, and regulation to solve immediate problems—and why those solutions may only buy time.</p><p>They discuss:</p><ul><li><p>Why complexity grows in successful civilizations</p></li><li><p>The hidden role of <strong>energy in sustaining modern society</strong></p></li><li><p>Whether <strong>AI and innovation can help us grow out of global debt</strong></p></li><li><p>Why technological breakthroughs may be becoming harder to achieve</p></li><li><p>The fragility of globalization and supply chains</p></li><li><p>Why cultures that think in <strong>longer time horizons</strong> may have advantages</p></li></ul><p>Tainter argues that most civilizational “solutions” are temporary—delaying deeper challenges rather than solving them permanently. Yet history also shows that humanity repeatedly adapts, improvises, and finds ways to move forward.</p><p>A wide-ranging conversation about complexity, innovation, energy, debt, and the long arc of civilization.</p>